The quantum Hall effect (or integer quantum Hall effect) is a quantized version of the Hall effect which is observed in two-dimensional electron systems subjected to low temperatures and strong magnetic fields, in which the Hall resistance Rxy exhibits steps that take on the quantized values See more The quantization of the Hall conductance ($${\displaystyle G_{xy}=1/R_{xy}}$$) has the important property of being exceedingly precise. Actual measurements of the Hall conductance have been found to … See more The integer quantum hall is considered part of exact quantization. Exact quantization in full generality is not completely … See more Landau levels In two dimensions, when classical electrons are subjected to a magnetic field they follow circular cyclotron orbits. When the system is treated quantum mechanically, these orbits are quantized. To determine the … See more The integers that appear in the Hall effect are examples of topological quantum numbers. They are known in mathematics as the first Chern numbers and are closely related to See more The MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor), invented by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959, enabled physicists to study electron behavior in a nearly ideal two-dimensional gas See more The quantum Hall effect, in addition to being observed in two-dimensional electron systems, can be observed in photons. Photons do … See more The value of the von Klitzing constant may be obtained already on the level of a single atom within the Bohr model while looking at it as a single-electron Hall effect. While during … See more

Even denominator fractional quantum Hall states in …

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Even denominator fractional quantum Hall states in higher

WebAug 6, 2024 · Here we report the intermediate Hall steps in the magnetic hysteresis of $\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{4}$, where four distinguishable magnetic … WebDec 23, 2024 · Quantum Hall states, which form in two-dimensional electron gases at low temperatures and in the presence of strong magnetic fields, have long been known to have nontrivial topological properties. Among the most intriguing is the state that arises at the Landau level filling factor of 5/2. Theoretical calculations suggest several possibilities ... WebMay 14, 2024 · The Pfaffian quantum Hall states, which can be viewed as involving pairing either of spin-polarized electrons or of composite fermions, are generalized by finding the exact ground states of ... pumps en valves